# 3.1: Prelude to Constitutional Protections 1. Last updated 2. [Save as PDF](https://biz.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/135328/pdf/3.1%3A%2bPrelude%2bto%2bConstitutional%2bProtections.pdf) * Page ID135328 \\( \newcommand{\vecs}\[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \\) \\( \newcommand{\vecd}\[1]{\overset{-\\!-\\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \\) \\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\\) ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\\,}\\) \\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\\,}\\) \\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\norm}\[1]{\\| #1 \\|}\\) \\( \newcommand{\inner}\[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\\) \\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\\) \\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\\,}\\) \\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\\,}\\) \\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\\) \\( 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\\(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\\) \\(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\\) \\(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\\) \\(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\\) \\(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\\) \\(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\\) \\(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\\) \\(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\\) \\(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\\) \\(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\\) \\(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\\) \\(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\\) \\(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\\) \\(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\\) \\(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\\) \\(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\\) \\(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\\) \\(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\\) \\(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\\) \\(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\\) \\(\newcommand{\twovec}\[2]{\left\[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\ctwovec}\[2]{\left\[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\threevec}\[3]{\left\[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\\ #2 \\\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\cthreevec}\[3]{\left\[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\\ #2 \\\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\fourvec}\[4]{\left\[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\\ #2 \\\ #3 \\\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\cfourvec}\[4]{\left\[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\\ #2 \\\ #3 \\\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\fivevec}\[5]{\left\[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\\ #2 \\\ #3 \\\ #4 \\\ #5 \\\ \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\cfivevec}\[5]{\left\[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\\ #2 \\\ #3 \\\ #4 \\\ #5 \\\ \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\mattwo}\[4]{\left\[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\\ #3 \amp #4 \\\ \end{array}\right]}\\) \\(\newcommand{\laspan}\[1]{\text{Span}\\{#1\\}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\\) \\(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\\) \\(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\\) \\(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\\) \\(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\\) \\(\newcommand{\coords}\[2]{\left\\{#1\right\\}\_{#2}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\gray}\[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\lgray}\[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\\) \\(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\len}\[1]{\left|#1\right|}\\) \\(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\\) \\(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\\) \\(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\\) \\(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\\) \\(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\\) \\(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\\) *Those who wrote our constitutions knew from history and experience that it was necessary to protect against unfounded criminal charges brought to eliminate enemies and against judges too responsive to the voice of higher authority.* *- Duncan v. Louisiana, cited in Section 3.2* ![The image shows a close-up of the American flag, featuring red and white stripes and white stars on a blue field.](https://biz.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/8791/5b7a3cb01b7ecf6662b8d687b6c838cb.jpg?revision=1\&size=bestfit\&width=670\&height=893) *Source: Image courtesy of Tara Storm.* --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. 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